This project directly addressed the need for comprehensive and widespread information on spring hydrology in Wisconsin to assess impacts of high-capacity wells on spring flow rates and to characterize the susceptibility of certain spring types to impacts as a result of groundwater drawdown.

The original proposal outlined a plan to survey gold course in Wisconsin regarding their water use, identify opportunities for improving water use efficiency from the survey data, and then conduct detailed water use analysis of four golf courses.

Culture-based microbiology methods have been used to determine potability of drinking water since the beginning of the 20th century. The detection of coliform bacteria in well water is an indicator of potential human fecal contamination and therefore the possible presence of disease causing organisms.

This report summarizes 2009-2011 efforts to gather data and continue information support for groundwater management in the Wisconsin central sands.

Individual qPCR assays for bovine adenovirus and porcine adenovirus targets were adapted from assays published in the literature for use with TaqMan chemistry on the ABI 7500 platform.

Groundwater withdrawal can significantly affect the flow regime of streams and rivers, but it is difficult to predict how hydrologic changes affect stream biological communities.